Macro Environment of an Organization Essay Example

Macro Environment of an Organization Paper Definition of factors of the macro environment of an organization: Social cultural The coloratura component is concerned with societal and cultural factors such as values, attitudes, trends, traditions, lifestyles, beliefs, tastes, and patterns of behavior. In accordance of the current situation faced by Parkway Nursing Care, one of the social cultural factors is the childcare commitment that the staffs (mostly those licensed practical nurse and orderlies) needed since a lot of them are single parents or the primary care giver of their children. Its been a common sense for American parents to prioritize the education and close monitor of their children. The incapability and restriction of taking time off and lack of manpower contingency plan during the needs for childcare will only raise the stress and demoralize them. As further impact, this situation will reduce the nursing quality performed by the affected personnel. Political/Legal The basic understanding of the political legal environment is when the government implements laws and or regulations which affect the way a business operate. (http://wick. Answers. Com/Q/ Definition_of_political_legal_environment, Answers . Com, 8 JUNE,2013) The political/legal component mainly looks at federal, state, and local laws, as ell as other countries laws and global laws. It also includes a countrys political conditions and stability. One of the critical government factors that may directly give the impact to the profitability of Parkway Nursing Care is the attempt of the federal gov ernment to trim Medicare expense; this may lead to reduction in funding. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro Environment of an Organization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another government regulation that affect the daily operation procedure for Parkway Nursing Home is the healthcare reporting system which is required to be made in a form that cannot be altered after the fact, to prevent covering abuse, so specialized software system must be used for electronic accumulation which could be antipathy by the older caregivers. Global The global component encompasses issues associated with globalization and a world economy. Globalization consist of aspect and issue in global business organization, global economic, global coloratura and the global workforce. Globalization, then, describes a trend towards the increasing interconnectedness of social relations across the globe. As a worldwide process it embraces both the structural economic linkages associated with rising levels of trade, finance, and investment, the political and cultural influences of transnational actors and international institutions, and the impact of their ideas on domestic policy. ( h ttp://www. Answers. Com/topic/ globalization-4#ixzz2Vd4aWqme , Answer. Mom,JUNE,2013 ) Nursing care nowadays had become global concern and attending patients from different cultural background had become one of the challenges for the nursing staff. The society also tends to compare the nursing quality and price word wide, this is also causing more challenge in nursing industry as more and more county can provide high quality of nursing services with cheaper investment. One way that Parkway Nursing Care can choose to lower the operation cost is to employ workforce from foreign country which is cheaper and more willing to work long hours. Another option is to outsource the training programmer for the workforce to country that can provide low operational cost. Economy The economic component encompasses factors such as interest rates, inflation, changes in disposable income, stock market fluctuations, and business cycle stages. Another economic factor is the continuous change for past few decades in American work structure which is the shift from manufacturing economy to arrive economy. This will only lead to the increase in demand and challenge for the nursing sector. Figure 2: Increase in the service economy in USA. The negative side of the increase in service sectors in America is decrease in manufacturing economies will cause decrease of middle class jobs. Manufacturing sector is also can create more jobs compare to service sector. High income gap between low/average class people in service sector is not healthy. Demographical The demographic component includes trends in population characteristics such as age, race, gender, education level, geographic location, income, and Emily composition. As member of baby boomers become senior citizens, the need of skilled nursing care can only be increased. With more patients nowadays also come with higher educational background, more skilled nursing work force will be needed. Grooming process for the leaders in this industry must be consistent to maintain the competency in service quality. When come to decision making on choosing the location to establish new nursing house, it was advised to choose the location that is away from polluted environment such as industrial factory. Technological The technological component focuses on scientific and industrial innovations. Before extensive application of technology, nurses relied heavily on their senses of sight, touch, smell, and hearing to monitor patient status and to detect changes. It is common believe that technology can provide more efficiency, quality and safety; all of this benefit can give more satisfaction to the patients. It is thousands type of high tech health care equipment and device provided by manufacturer around the world. Without proper knowledge of handling, it may also cause errors and adverse event. Thats why technology must come with a proper training.

4 pieces of career advice no one will give you

4 pieces of career advice no one will give you You’ve heard all the classics before (including from us!): never stop revamping your resume. Practice your body language. Keep your network evergreen, because you never know when you’ll need it. These are all important and useful tips for anyone’s career, no matter what the industry. But if you’re just starting out, there are some more†¦off-the-record things that everyone learns the hard way, but people don’t really talk about. Let’s look at some of the things that happen to most of us, but aren’t necessarily in the career guides. 1. You’re going to fail (sometimes)That sounds super harsh and pessimistic, right? But it’s also true. You’re not gonna fail all the time, or most of the time- don’t worry. But sometimes, things will go badly, and you will run into the big â€Å"F.† It happens to all of us- the straight-A overachievers, the guy who doesn’t care, the seasoned professional. Sometim es things just aren’t going to go well. And while it can be upsetting, especially if it leads to negative feedback or professional consequences, you have to be able to absorb it, take what lessons you can, and move on. And when it happens, remember that you’re not alone, and that some of the most important lessons come from falling on your face once in a while.2. Set work-life boundaries earlyAt the start of any new job or career path, you want to set a great first impression. The one who starts early (or is impeccably on time every day), stays late, deftly responds to an after-hours email. Here’s the problem with that approach: it can turn into the status quo very quickly, as people start to expect that your hard-charging ways are just the way you operate and what they can expect from you. This is not to say you should slack off, or try to set expectations low. Rather, make sure you’re staking out personal boundaries and that you have personal outlets th at balance out the job. If you don’t have a workout routine, or de-stressing activity, or something that keeps you happy and fulfilled outside of work, that’s a fast-track to burnout.3. Don’t take everything so seriouslyYes, your career is important. Yes, you should be a strong advocate for yourself and not take crap from anyone. But if you’ve got your Game Face on all the time at work, you run the risk of alienating coworkers, bosses, anyone on the receiving end of your â€Å"don’t mess with me† vibe. Being flexible (and willing to take a step back and chill out) when necessary will help you keep a kind of equilibrium at work.4. It’s okay to have imposter syndromeYou’ve probably heard about â€Å"imposter syndrome,† where people feel like they’re inadequate at their jobs and that everyone else is on the cusp of figuring out that they don’t belong there. Turns out, a little insecurity can go a long way towa rd helping your career. If you feel an overwhelming sense of inferiority, that could mean that you need more training or guidance. But if you feel more like you could take that feeling and direct it into professional development, or working more efficiently, then it can be a boon to your career.No matter who you are, no matter what job you do, the most important career advice of all is â€Å"don’t worry.† As long as you’re working hard to improve yourself at every step of your career, you don’t always have to worry about whether you’re following the proper advice- it just has to be proper for you and your goals.

Studying Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Studying Abroad - Essay Example The website of American University in Dubai stated that studying abroad provides an opportunity to develop important competencies and traits in one's character, for example, confidence, personal growth etc. An individual can experience different factors in life and analyze about how people think from other cultures. The respective website also presented the argument that employment prospects can be enhanced to an international level. Experience in foreign organizations can teach valuable lessons of professionalism.Kutcher writes that the summers till September should be spent in taking various tests, for example, GMAT, GRE. Then, the college choices should be narrowed down by September and October. Later, work on the technicalities and documentations of the admission process and finally apply in November or December, depending on the due dates of every program.2.2 Negative Aspects of Staying AbroadJust as many arguments support getting the education from foreign countries, there even exist reasons for staying within the country and acquire education locally. The citizens of UAE should remain in their country and support its economy. There exist a common term known as ‘brain drain’. Smith defined it as the immigration of the brightest and best citizens to another country that causes harm to the economy of their homeland, thereby providing benefits to the other countries. Fleeing to other countries to get education weakens the economy of the country since most of the talent settle abroad.

English Jurisdiction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Jurisdiction - Case Study Example May, furthermore, complained that she had suffered from emotional anguish after the incident. Consequently, May Donoghue filed an action suit against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, David Stevenson, in April of 1929 seeking 500 as payment for the damages inflicted as a result of drinking the ginger beer (1 page 563 Court Records).1 The consequences of the suit - Donoghue v Stevenson - and the events which ensued later still stand as one of the most prominent cases in United Kingdom's legal history and changed the course of consumer law perpetually, as the decision of the House of Lords, UK's supreme appeals court, established a very significant foundation of the delict law not just in Scotland but also all over the world. The House of Lords affirmed that scope of their judgment principles covered English Law as well (page 564 Court Records).2 Donoghue lodged her case in Court of Session in 1929 with the help of Walter Leechman who at that time was already familiar with the previous rulings of the courts with regards manufacturers' liability to consumers in Scotland (Mullen v. A.G. Barr & Co. 1929 S.C. 461). This previous rulings were the main basis of the Scotland's delict law which affirmed that manufacturers have no obligations to or contractual relationship with an individual if she did not pay for the consumer item. Thus May Donoghue could not claim damages or file suit against the manufacturer under the Scottish delict law. The courts ruled twice removing, Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer, of any legal responsibility citing the courts previous ruling in Mullen v A.G. Barr. Donohue and her lawyer sought appeals from the House of Lords which overturned the decisions of the previous courts and overruled Mullen v. Barr Co., Ld., and M'Gowan v. Barr Co., Ld., 1929 S. C. 461. The House of Lords argued that the manufacturer is liable to the consumer when he places an item for sale for consumption purposes without aptly examining the product. Care should be practiced in ensuring that the article or item sold to the consumer 'is not injurious to health.' Hence the manufacturer is liable to the appellant as he put upon his product, the ginger beer - designed in such a way that consumers would not be able to determine what was inside the bottle. The House of Lords in this ruling has asserted that responsibility rested upon the manufacturer of the ginger beer as, whether the design of the bottle which made it difficult for the consumers to inspect its content, was done intentionally or unintentionally, the rights of the consumers must be protected. The issue, acco rding to the court, was not the contention that the manufacturers committed fraud but the manufacturer's apparent negligence (page 565 Court Records). Lord Bruckmaster argued that the principles the courts gleaned from the appeal is that, the manufacturer, or anyone who confers another service of work as for instance, the repairer, 'owes a duty to any person by whom the article is lawfully used to see that the it has been carefully constructed.' (page 578 Court Records) However, Buckmaster also notes that (page 578 Court Records), that this duty, outside the contractual obligation of the manufacturer, is very broad and covers every item, because this obligation can be extended to every person

Apple PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple - PowerPoint Presentation Example was exacting and uncompromising, a quality that made him difficult to work with, according to his subordinates and officers (Elliot and Simon, 2011, p. 47). Steve Jobs introduced a corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simplicity in design and use. The largest strategic uncertainty for the company is the long-term effect of the untimely death of Steve Jobs. It will be recalled that Steve Jobs was ousted from the company in 1985 but subsequently returned as its CEO in 1996 when his company NeXT was acquired by Apple, Inc. During the interim that Jobs was not with the company, Apple floundered because its products were not taking off in the market. It was only with Jobs’s return and the breakthrough with the iPod in 2001 that the company began to recover. Among the key trends and issues in the IT and electronic consumer industry, at the top is security. This is the reason why Apple has developed an operating system which is more resistant to security issues than the competitor system, Windows. Another issue is price which Apple addresses with a strategy of value for money (see individual pricing for some products in #7 below). While some products admittedly command a higher price than competitors, the price is usually justified by the quality that Apple products offer. Finally, a key trend is the rise of mobile computing and decline of the personal computer, which Apple has pioneered with its mobile products. Apple has abandoned conventional wisdom about horizontal market segmentation (i.e., differentiating different version of a product for different customers), and has instead segmented its products vertically (creating one particular product for a particular use case, such as an iPad for reading, an iPod for listening, and iPhone for apps). Apple targets a specific market and then provides a product for it with unstinting quality (Schramm, 2010). 7-Discuss the companys competitive landscape. Who are the companys direct and most

A Study Of Semantics and Pragmatics Interface Essay

A Study Of Semantics and Pragmatics Interface Essay Grice suggests that there is an apparent division of labour between semantics and pragmatics in terms of saying and implicating. For every linguistically acceptable sentence of a language, a semantic theory delivers truth-conditions that have been transplanted onto a Gricean view of the semantics-pragmatics divide. As a result, many people conceive that truth-conditions can be put in a way that they are necessarily free from pragmatic considerations. Some argue by challenging the view for pragmatic intrusion into truth-conditional content while others insist preserving a pragmatically clean conception of semantics. Different proposals appear in supporting these controversial arguments. In this paper, I will focus on studying the boundary between semantics and pragmatics, and examining their interface. LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND Semantics and pragmatics are both involving sophisticated methods of studying meaning with different focuses where semantics focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata while pragmatics studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. The key issue is whether their objects to be analyzed can be separated from each other or if each sub-discipline can give one individual object called meaning. Semantics was conventionally responsible for compositionally deduced sentence meaning, in which there is a combination of the meanings of lexical items and the structure involved. Unquestionably, the truth-conditional semantics is the best developed approach to sentence meaning. It appears that such formal methods allow the translation of vague and ambiguous sentences of natural language into a precise metalanguage of predicate logic with the provision of sense-making logical forms. Pragmatics was recognized as a study of utterance intended meaning, and so it is the meaning in context, and was hence undertaking with a different aspect of field to be studied. It was also regarded as a separate enterprise with different object of study. Yet, the so-called semantic under-determination view was created as the boundary between semantics and pragmatics began to be blurred. This view was a revolutionary idea for the theory of language meaning in response to generative semantics that was prevalent in 1960s and 1970s where attempts of syntactic meaning were given to primarily pragmatic situations. The importance of the Oxford ordinary language philosophers should be noted to show the way to the study of pragmatic inference and its supplement to truth-conditional representation, now known as Gricean intended meaning with inherent truth-conditions. SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACE Semantics / Pragmatics Distinction By convention, we spoke of the distinction between semantics and pragmatics as differentiation between the meaning of words (semantics) on the one hand and how the speaker made use of words (pragmatics) on the other. This characterization is however loose and ineffective. For instance, the study of indexical expressions such as I and yesterday shows that different occasion of use can have different denotations in the word concerned. Notwithstanding, a definite traditional meaning is found from each indexical word type, that is, there is no variation in a meaning from context to context. In fact, more precision is required. According to Richard Heck (2001), some terms such as the number determiners two and three, or proper names such as Bill Clinton and George Bush are deemed as having a stable standing meaning in such a way that they are referring to the same object or property. Other terms like I, here, or this and so on have unstable standing meanings in the sense that, in different contexts, they can be used to refer to different objects. For example, the traditional meaning of I in English does not have variation across contexts; standard meaning is used in every context in agreement with the meaning of I which is (roughly) the same as the speaker in the context. In a context, however, George Bush uses I to refer to himself, when I is in agreement with its standing meaning. In contrast, Gray Davis uses I in agreement with its standing meaning to refer to himself as well, that is, Gray Davis. According to Perry (2001), however, we prefer applying the concept of referential content which has a wider usage to just using referential expressions in contexts. In other words, standing meaning of a term is context-constant while referential content of a term is the object, property, or function that it has as its content in a context which is conceivably distinct from its standing meaning. Semantics / Pragmatics Boundary Rajman (2007) points out that the boundary between semantics and pragmatics is very critical in view of the constraint of linguistic processes. Traditionally, semantics is in charge of conventional or lexical, i.e. unvoidable meanings, as entailment and meaning are supposed to have (for example, Paul killed Peter Æ’Â   Peter is dead). And, pragmatics has taken charge of meaning in context in relation to conversational implicatures, which is presumably nonconventional. Metaphors and irony are two of the typical examples of nonconventional meaning (conversational implicatures) (Rajman, 2007). The Gricean view has challenged the classical view that the semantics-pragmatics boundary is not connected to the difference between conventional meaning and meaning in context. Actually, Grice has defined form and meaning of words as conventional implicatures. In (1.1)-(1.3) below, words like even, therefore, but are responsible for specific meanings (Ivan is not expected to like Iris, there is a semantic entailment between being an American and being outspoken, and there is a semantic contrast between having children and being a lawyer): Even Ivan likes Iris. (1.1) Joe is an American; he is, therefore, outspoken. (1.2) Stephanie has five children, but she is a lawyer. (1.3) The difference between truth-functional meaning (what is said) and non-truth-functional meaning (what is communicated) earmarks the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Pragmatics is therefore defined meaning minus truth-conditions. The domain of pragmatics is therefore confined to two types of implicatures in Grices perspective, namely, conventional implicatures and conversational implicatures. Specific expressions may initiate the entailment of conventional implicatures which, as Rajman (2007) suggests, they have separable (the implicature is attached to a specific word), non-deletable (a conventional implicature cannot be negated) and non-truth-functional (the content of the implicature does not involve in the truth-conditions of the sentence) meanings. In (1.1), even initiates at least two conventional implicatures, given in (1.4) and (1.5): Even Ivan likes Iris. (1.1) People other than Ivan like Iris. (1.4) Among these people, Ivan is the less expected to like Iris. (1.5) Obviously, these meanings do not provide the truth-conditions for what is mentioned, that is the proposition (1.6): Ivan likes Iris. (1.6) Conversational implicatures resulting from a linguistic expression initiates in the use of one conversational maxim (generalized conversational implicature) or not (particularized conversational implicature). The conversational implicatures are non-conventional (resulting from conversational maxims), non-separable (the implicature is attached to a meaning), deletable (implicatures can be canceled) and as conventional implicatures, non-truth-functional. A conventional generalized conversational implicature have a temporal meaning of and (and then), as in (1.7): Michael pushed Daniel and Daniel fell. (1.7) PRAGMATIC INTRUSION AT THE SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACE Grice (1978) noted that there is a need to take into consideration of pragmatic processes of disambiguation and reference assignment to indexical expressions before assessing the sentences truth conditions. In addition, Kempson (1975, 1979, 1986) and Atlas (1977, 1979, 1989) believe that negation in English should not be recognized as ambiguous between narrow-scope and wide-scope, yet, it was semantically underdetermined instead. That means, on the basis of the recovery of the speakers intentions, the widely known example (2.1) is not semantically ambiguous between (2.2) and (2.3) but the range of negation is applied pragmatically in each particular utterance instead. (2.1) The queen of England is not bald. (2.2) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã†â€™x (QoE(x) à ¢Ã‹â€  à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬y (QoE(y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ y = x) à ¢Ã‹â€   ¬Bald (x)) (2.3)  ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã†â€™x (QoE(x) à ¢Ã‹â€  à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬y (QoE(y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ y = x) à ¢Ã‹â€  Bald (x)) (2.2) is a presupposing reading: the person who fulfils as the property of the queen of England contains only one person and whoever satisfies this requirement is not bald. The reading in (2.3) is non-presupposing: the queen of England is not bald as no such person ever exists. It is because (2.2) entails (2.3) that the semantic underdetermination (sense-generality) view has both formal and cognitive support in which the boundary has become more and more unclear. According to this view, semantic analysis uncovers only part of the utterance meaning which pragmatic enrichment may complete this process. For instance, sentence (3.1) is naturally developed with the outcome sense before being put under the test of the truth-conditional analysis as in (3.2). (3.1) Timothy dropped the camera and it broke. (3.2) Timothy dropped the camera and as a result it broke. Major concern goes to delimitation of the scope of such an enhanced, truth-conditional representation, called what is said (Recanati, 1989) or explicature (Sperber Wilson, 1986; Carston, 1988) opposite to implicatures. Carston (1988) reasons that as long as the enhanced meaning has reached an optimal relevance level under the Relevance Theory of Sperber and Wilson (1986), such enhancement process can be stopped accordingly. Another post-Gricean boundary dispute provides with a so-called middle level of meaning. For Bach (1994, 2001) and Horn (2006), both what is said and what is implicated count. People often speak blurredly and non-literally; and it is more quickly to do so since inference is fast, while utterance is relatively inefficient. For instance, (4.1) may be spoken by a father comforting his little son who cut his finger (Bach, 1994). But what the father meant was not the content of the sentence alone (the minimal proposition in (4.2)) but instead an extension in (4.3). (4.1) You are not going to die, George. (4.2) There is no future date at which you will die, George. (4.3) You are not going to die from this cut, George. Under the same condition, spoken sentences which are incomplete semantically, although they correspond to complete syntactic forms, like (5.1), are further completed to show the utterance meaning, as from the example in (5.2). (5.1) Tom is not good enough. (5.2) Tom is not a good enough singer to be a star in Hong Kong. They are implicitures as they are implicit in what is uttered, under such extension and completions, which are neither what is said nor implicatures as perceived. The middle level of meaning is formed, while the label what is said is designated for what is explicitly said. Default semantics (Jaszczolt, 2005) represents an opposite view, in which a representation of spoken meaning is created as a combination of various output linguistic and non-linguistic sources. The combined representation comprises word meaning and sentence structure, cognitive assumptions, social-cultural assumptions, and conscious pragmatic inference, which is the mere level of meaning and its construction, does not give preference to any of the sources mentioned above. If that implicit proposition is the fundamental intended meaning, the logical form of the spoken sentence may uncommonly be replaced by an implicit form, for example, (4.4). (4.4) There is nothing to worry about, George. According to the principles of pragmatic compositionality (Recanati, 2004), the formation of meaning is continuing even if the explicit/implicit distinction may cause many theoretical disputes and much experimental research to be conducted. The field was mainly divided into those who accepted the default semantics (e.g., Levinson, 2000; Horn, 2004; Recanati, 2004, 2007; Jaszczolt, 2005), and those in whom pragmatic additions are always inferential (Sperber Wilson, 1995; Carston, 2002, 2007). Up to that time period, post-Griceans more or less followed contextualism in a way that pragmatic processes might affect the truth conditions of the spoken meaning. COMMUNICATION AT THE SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACE In pragmatics, a speaker can express a thought without really putting it into words. He can say one thing but may mean something else. For communicating something to someone, the speaker has to make clear the utterance even if it does not convey what he intends to express. The hearer has a task of understanding the speaker to the extent that he has to recognize the communicative intention of the speaker in producing the utterance and in particular, to identify the meaning of speaker. The hearer also needs to figure out what has happened in the given situation that the speaker spoke that sentence with that meaning. An utterance Mary has beautiful handwriting and her English is grammatical may be used as an evaluation of Marys philosophical ability to implicate that Mary is no good at philosophy (Grice, 1961). Moore (1942) gives a pragmatic contradiction of an utterance Snow is white, but I dont believe it, which may mean you are denying what you have just maintained (snow is white). A capable hearer grasps the semantic contents of a sentence by understanding that the language acts as a function of its constituents in relation to syntactic structure. Bach (2010) suggests that there should not be any intermediate level of meaning existed between the semantic contents of a sentence and the speakers communicative intention in uttering it. Rather, the speakers act of uttering that sentence may invoke additional information to help hearer understand its contents. Bach (2010) further remarks that it is utterances rather than sentences that contain the primary linguistic items with truth-conditional contents. Utterances are the only available subject matter for truth-conditional semantics as what Recanati (2004) prefers as truth-conditional pragmatics. In communication, as Bach (2010) points out, the job for pragmatics is not to offer a representative for semantics but to explain how incomplete sentences in semantics can be used to convey complete meaning. TEACHING PRAGMATICS There are three major questions requiring further exploration: 1) what chances are given in language classroom for developing L2 pragmatic ability; 2) can pragmatic ability be developed in a classroom setting without teaching pragmatically; and 3) what effects do different instructional approaches have on the development of pragmatics. Classroom research can be called upon to address the first and third questions, including the resources, processes, and limitations of classroom learning, with exploration be done through data-based studies in classroom settings. Those who are beginners to the field can draw relevance from the sea of literature on educational research in general and second language classroom research in specific. Hence, we can gain insight acquired for the research of classroom-based interlanguage pragmatics (e.g., Chaudron, 1988; Allwright Bailey, 1991). Literature search on question one and question three shows the deficiency as to the provision of direct teaching s trategies in pragmatics that uncovers at least two limitations, for example, teacher-fronted teaching and potentials for pragmatic development over time (Kasper, 2006). As for the answers to the second question, it is related to whether pragmatic ability can be developed without classroom instruction where such relevance can be drawn from the pragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics literature. It is free of charge for the adult learners to get a certain amount of L2 pragmatic knowledge because of the universal property of some pragmatic knowledge (e.g., Blum-Kulka, 1991; Ochs, 1996), and other aspects of pragmatic knowledge may be learnt from L1 users. Theories and research studies in recent years provide plenty of universal features in discourse and pragmatics. Through taking turns and sequencing of contributions, conversational organization is a universal property of spoken interactive discourse, which may vary in cultural and contextual implementations, among others. Making use of cues in the utterance, context information and different kinds of knowledge origins, speakers and listeners are able to transport indirect pragmatic intent and implicit meaning to each other (Gumperz, 1996). DISCUSSION The use of semantic underdetermination and the recognition of pragmatic inference about the speakers intentions have become more and more popular. The same applies to the conversion of some of the context-bound information into the semantic content. As a result, two disciplines which are originally separate in nature, namely, the formal study of sentence meaning and the informal study of speech acts have become indistinguishable. The centre of attention has thus been focused on the utterance rather than the sentences. Throughout the past three decades, however, the direction of change has not been consistent. There are a number of suggestions that maintain semantics and pragmatics as two separate disciplines where one school of thought suggests keeping the objectives of semantics and pragmatics distinguishable. Regarding pragmatics learning, Kasper (2006) appeals for more classroom research on pragmatics teaching that could relate learning outcomes to classroom processes. It may include longitudinal observation of classroom discourse as well as explorations of students and teachers subjective theories about L2 pragmatics; and how pragmatics competence could best be developed in pedagogical context (e.g., target-based teaching on complimenting, conversational closings and so on), thus enabling ongoing exploration of substantive and methodological issues. CONCLUSION The study of semantics / pragmatics interface can tell the difference between what is said and what is communicated within the context in question, which can be supplemented by pragmatic intrusion at their interface to achieve the purpose of disambiguation and reference making to indexical expressions. Hence, the job of pragmatics is intended to convey near-complete meaning in communication. Learning of pragmatics definitely can help learners to understand the utterance intended meaning that goes beyond what is given by the language form. More classroom research can be done on pragmatics teaching to address the questions of learning opportunities for the development of L2 pragmatic ability in language classroom, and effects of different instructional approaches that can help develop such pragmatic ability.

Sophocles Antigone :: Sophocles Antigone

Sophocles' Antigone 1. - Clearly define by specific traits the character of Antigone and Creon. After her mother committed suicide, her father died and her brothers fought until they killed each other, Antigone projects her strong character with interesting ways of showing it. As the main character with strong values and a stubborn way, she follows the laws of god, without minding the consequences. Antigone is a strong willed woman who wins the respect of the audience by the inner strength and resistance of manipulation she has, showing the potential of human kind. She becomes a heroine with noble qualities of mind, heart and soul because she is willing to sacrifice her life, doing what she believes it is right. With a sense of family ties, she is an ideal for humanity, the issue is that she must burry her brother Polynices with an appropriate ceremony since she believes it is the last right for every human being. At first she tries to convince her sister Ismene to join her in her plans, but Ismene refuses, she is not willing to give up her life at all, when Antigone is not only risking her life but also her marriage with Haemon. When Antigone meets Creon she proves her strength and spiritual power. Some say she is not a saint but a martyr. She combats Creon with insolence towards the civil authority, following always the laws of heaven.

Film Critique The Queen Essay

Movie roles performed by high caliber actors and actresses of living icons are always the hardest to portray. Helen Mirren’s portrayal of HRH Queen Elizabeth II, has given us an amazing resemblance (although without as much effects and make-up the resemblance ended) and an in-depth visual and emotional recognition of the British royal who was considered to be so distant and ethereal. I am more than glad that the Reston Multiplex Movie Theatre was comparably filled with older adults than the usual teenage movie goers so I was afforded the chance to concentrate on the film. Generally, the film may not appeal to the younger audience for its lack of pound for pound action and intrigue. However it does gives us an idea of how the British monarchy behaves, as the apex of the British class system. We seldom see portrayals that are free from bias especially when the subjects are as famous and influential as the Queen and her family. But the events that catapulted them into the public eye may have relieved them of their tight bond to maintain their feelings to themselves. Diana’s death has given us glimpses into their private lives which the Queen vehemently tried to seclude her family from the curious and even blatant questions of the public and the press. We see how the Queen reacted and tried in earnest to maintain her stance and tradition to shy away from the camera and the public even as the image-conscious PM Tony Blair continued to cajole the Queen and her family out of their shells. It has also given us an insight to the life the British Royal couple has led all these years which shows support for each other and a husband who is willing to stay behind the shadow of his wife and yet live admirably together in harmony. The family’s traditional and puritan values saw the British monarch trying to distance herself away from the prying eye of the media upon news of Diana’s death. The queen’s immediate concerns were for the â€Å"boys† alone after learning of the tradgedy while vacationing at Balmoral Castle, Scotland. Apparently Diana had fallen off from the royal family to warrant the kind of behavior and almost distant hatred even after learning the news of her accidental death. Public sentiment against the monarchy grew as the Queen and family continued to be absent from the public eye even as Britain grieved for the death of their princess. Seemingly, Diana had been closer to the Britons because she showed what it was like to live a fairy tale life in the beginning and showed to the world that the monarchy was not as invincible as it seems. Profoundly Diana has created a breathing, real life princess capable of feelings thereby creating a certain link of reality to the masses and thereby showing that the monarchy was no different from anyone. Eventually as grief poured, sentiments against the monarchy grew, which PM Tony Blair handled superbly thereby surging his popularity in tune with the national mood. He became closer to the British public and the world. His continued calls for the queen and the family to at least make statements were left ignored at first with Lord Mountbatten (James Cromwell) seemingly disgruntled over PM Blair’s (Michael Sheen) insistence. The Queen explained her position to Blair that Diana lost her relation to the royal family when she divorced her son, the Prince of Wales and insisted that mourning should be a private matter handled by her own family and not by the British Crown. Later on, the Queen who was known to stick to her principle gave in after mistakenly assuming that the public sentiment will slowly ebb over time. After so much criticism from the British tabloids for failing to offer any sign of condolence, and advice from Blair on how the royals should conduct out of public respect, the Queen finally gave in despite disagreement from her mother and gave a speech praising Diana’s life and work. The British flag was also allowed to fly at half mast and a public funeral was hosted in memory of Diana. The queen was then pushed into public view as Mirren’s brilliant performance showed her exact reaction while coming out to look at the flowers in front of the curious British public who was equally assailed with mixed emotions. It was a moment that I held my breath because I had seen the actual a dozen times on television and hardly noticed any difference. The scene showed Elizabeth’s graceful human side and strength both at the same time. Her candid response to the flowers given to her showed her awe that revealed her human nature that no amount of pretense a queen could mask. In effect, the movie was critical of the monarchy but candid and transparent in its portrayal that was sometimes funny and empathic. It evoked the true nature of the royal family’s behavior and sometimes leaves us questions of their simplicity or sarcasm in public statements. Martin Sheen’s portrayal of a young and enthusiastic Tony Blair also showed a generous amount of political set-up reminiscent of the time when PM Blair suddenly gained massive popularity following Diana’s death. His behavior was indeed fitted with the contemporary mixture of grief that called for human decency and respect during Diana’s death which the royal family had mixed initial feelings of. In summary, the movie showed to the world the importance of adapting to change as opposed to the views of rigid tradition which could have led to stagnation. It also showed us that family traditions and values are being questioned in the face of common contemporary behavior and modes. Public figures are always subjected to observation and ridicule because the public always love to know how public icons behave in the face of adversities and criticize any actions for consumption. The Queen (2006) Movie. Starring Helen Mirren as the Queen Elizabeth II; James Cromwell as Lord Mountbatten and Martin Sheen as PM Tony Blair.

Criminal Justice System Essay

The duties of the police are: enforcing the law, investigating crimes, and apprehending the offenders. They are also responsible for crime prevention and reduction, maintaining order in the public, and ensuring that their communities are kept safe. They are often called upon to assist in emergency situations as well as provide community service. Once the division of police has done its part, everything is turned over to the court system. The court system is now responsible for overseeing the trials and keeping them fair and impartial. The criminal cases are decided in the courts and are given due process. The ultimate responsibility of the court is to determine whether the accused is innocent or guilty of the accusations imposed. Once that verdict has been determined, the court must uphold the law with fairness while protecting the rights of the accused. The division of corrections is responsible for carrying out the sentences that are handed down by the courts. Inside of the correction facilities, the offenders must be provided with a safe and humane environment. This division must provide rehabilitation and reformation so that the convicted can be reintegrated back into society. While in corrections’ custody, the human and legal rights of the convicted must always be respected. The criminal justice process is as follows: Investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trial, sentencing and corrections. During the investigation and arrest, a warrant is issued by a judicial officer and the local authorities conduct the arrest and booking into the jail. Next comes the pretrial activities, which includes the first appearance, preliminary hearing, indictment

James Joyces Dubliners essays

James Joyce's Dubliners essays In James Joyces, Dubliners, we get to catch a glimpse into the great world of Irish culture and heritage. Joyce explores many issues that confronted the Irish at the turn of the century. The constant struggle to keep money in the pocket; be a good Catholic, men and their excessive drinking, and the struggle of keeping the inner family bound together is what we see through the window painted by Joyce. His stories illustrate these issues and he was not a popular man for making them public and pointing out the many faults of Irish people of the time. Life was a difficult struggle for many of the people of Dublin and many of them had a hard time dealing with the disappointments of life. There are several reoccurring themes in Dubliners, but there are two that stand out in my mind particularly. In several of Joyces stories, the characters deal must deal with disappointment and drunkenness. One of the first stories in the book takes a look into both of these scenarios. In Araby, a young boy develops a crush on a neighbor girl. One day, the young girl initiates a conversation with the boy. He tells her that he is going to the bazaar. The young girl is unable to attend due to a religious retreat. It is one of the first disappointments illustrated in the story. Since the young girl is unable to attend, the boy promises to bring her back something from the bazaar. After a long and sleepless night, the boy awakes and asks permission from his aunt and uncle to go to the bazaar. He is granted permission and waits for his uncle to return home that evening. As he waits, time dwindles down and his trip to the bazaar starts to look more and more hopeless. Finally the boys un cle returns home in a discombobulated state of mind. Perhaps his uncle was out drinking, but he did forget about his nephews trip to the bazaar. Disappointed in his uncles forgetfulness, the boy still makes an attempt to get to the bazaar. When he...

Currnt Strtgic ctivity within Mjr Intrntinl Cmpny Essay

Currnt Strtgic ctivity within Mjr Intrntinl Cmpny - Essay Example In 2004, th thltic pprl nd ftwr mrkt ws wrth mr thn US$ 58 billin. Th tp thr cmpnis - Nik, Rbk, nd dids - rpd pr-tx prfits munting t US$ 1123 millin, US$ 195.5 millin, nd US$ 408.9 millin rspctivly (rsnult, Fwzy, 2001). Th currnt mnufcturing prctics f th snkr industry, in prticulr cmpnis such s Nik, Rbk, nd dids, tks plc thrughut th glb. With th industry xprincing svr cmptitin, nd th prduct rquiring intnsiv lbr, firms r fcing xtrm prssur t incrs thir prfit mrgins thrugh thir surcing prctics. Th fllwing ppr will nlyz th snkr industry, whil xmining th multitud f vibl mnufcturing ptins, nd critiquing thir currnt mnufcturing structur. T prprly rviw th mnufcturing in th ftwr industry, it is ncssry t first gin n undrstnding f th dminnt ldrs in th mrktplc. Th industry is currntly xprincing hyprcmptitin, ld by six min firms - Nik, Rbk, dids, Fil, Cnvrs, nd Nw Blnc, with nrly $7 billin in rvnus dmsticlly. Nik is th industry ldr, with 47% mrkt shr, fllwd by Rbk, distnt scnd t 16%, nd dids t 6%. This ctgry is fcing dcrsing dmnd nd th rising ppulrity f ltrntiv ftwr, rsulting in mr prssur thn vr bfr t chiv high grss mrgins thrugh ffctiv glbl surcing prctics. Ftwr cmpnis hv tw bsic ptins in th mnufcturing f thir prducts, thy cn bth wn nd prt th fctris tht prduc thir prducts, r subcntrct thir prducts ut t scndry mnufcturrs. Ths fcilitis cn b lctd ithr dmsticlly r intrntinlly, nd bth prsnt myrid f psitivs nd ngtivs. Firms tht prduc dmsticlly bnfit frm s f mnitring, skilld wrkfrc, gvrnmnt stbility, jb crtin, nd wll undrstd lbr ruls, whil suffring frm th rltivly high wgs rquird in th U.S. s cmprd t dvlping cuntris. By mnufcturing prducts vrss, in prticulr in third wrld cnmis, trmndus fficincis r gind in th frm f rducd wgs, but r cuntrd by th incrsd difficulty f mnitring th qulity f thir prducts nd th ctul wrking cnditins in th fctris. Cmpnis tht r vrticlly intgrtd, wh wn nd prt th fctris whr thir prducts r mnufcturd, r fcd with lrg cpitl xpnditur rquirmnts nd th mngmnt f th fctris thmslvs, rsulting in lwr prfit mrgins. Strtgic utsurcing In nlyzing th snkr industry, w r fcd with th qustin, "Wht r ths firms cr cmptncis" If mnufcturing flls undr this umbrll, thn firms shuld lk t prduc intrnlly. Hwvr, th cr skills tht st ths cmpnis prt frm th cmptitin, r thir mrkting, distributin, nd tchnlgicl xprtis. pplying th dminnt snkr cmpnis rs f xprtis, lt's rviw th fllwing qustins: Is intrnliztin surc f cmptitiv dvntg Is mnufcturing skill ur firm ds bttr thn nybdy ls Will firms b bl t lvrg thir mnufcturing xprtis in th futur r w rlsing ny f th firm's prpritry skills/infrmtin by utsurcing With ll f th bv qustins psd t ny f th big fur snkr cmpnis, thy wuld rspnd with rsunding "n". Thrfr, in tdy's glbl nvirnmnt, th mst strtgiclly vibl mnufcturing strtgy is th utsurcing f thir prducts. Th fficincis tht r gind, in th frm f shifting f risk, rducd cpitl rquirmnts, lwr wgs, nd bility t fcus n thir cr cmptncis, strngly utwigh ll thr mnufcturing ptins. Th vlutin f Mnufcturing in Third Wrld Cuntris s th cnmis f cuntris rund wrld xpnd, s ds thir bility nd skill lvl in ll fcts f mnufcturing. Bginning in Lndn in th rly 1900's, nd fllwd thrugh t th prsnt dy, mnufcturing in its simplst frm cnsists f light

Food & Beverage Operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Food & Beverage Operations - Case Study Example Organising helps to keep things running smoothly and saves time and unnecessary work. There should be a system in performing the tasks and responsibilities. "Food Expo 2006" was the event that the Food and Beverage course students participated in. The expo fell under the category of Function and Event Catering. This category consists of weddings, dinner dances, social functions, business functions, working lunches, meetings, and conferences. Function catering is found in the commercial and non-commercial sectors of the catering industry. One month of planning involved working with the budget, marketing, labour utilization, etc. As the planning was being done, it was also important that there was flexibility in the planning as changes usually occur in catering events. Posters were created and displayed on the notice board as part of the marketing plan. A small contribution was collected in order to estimate the number of people who would attend and to insure that the message of the event was being circulated. A total of eighteen students met three times during that month. The students were divided into four groups with different tasks. The planning involved one of the key factors and that was to plan the menu. The most important part of the event is the meal and the meal experience is an event that starts the moment guests arrive. The menu consisted of Devilled Lamb Curry with Chopped Strawberries, Chicken Chablis, Mix Steamed Vegetables with Gravy, Thai Green Fish Curry, Boiled Rice, and Side Salad. In order to make the meal experience and the event go smoothly, much had to be done behind the scene. Since the food would be prepared in one area and the dining would take place in another area, it was important that students learned that the flow of materials (food, chairs, equipment, etc.) should be as direct as possible. If there are too many cross flows of traffic and back-tracking, then the risk of hazards increases and time is also wasted. This also affects the cost of labour (in the real business world). Carts, trolleys, and other mechanical aids that are available and/or can be accessed should be used in alleviating the human handling of materials. This should be concerned in the planning process. What is needed is determined by the types of events and the budget. The traditional method of food production was how the meal was prepared as the food was purchased raw and little dependency was placed on convenience foods. Fresh fish, lamb, and other ingredients were purchased at a nearby shop. At ten o' clock on the day of the event, everyone met at the basketball ground on the top floor. The food would be prepared in a nearby classroom and it had been cleared for that specific reason. Two gas burners, aprons, and caps were provided. Students were given instructions on how to proceed with the food preparation and cooking. Various instructions were given to each group. I.e., one group's instructions included setting the table as the food would be served at one o' clock that afternoon. Another group would prepare the Chicken Chablis. The lecturer started the camcorder in order to record the day's events and all that was taking place. The lecturer interviewed the groups